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THE SENSATION OF THE FIRST MOVIES

What was the world like in the late ninetieth century, just before the movies began? It was very different from today. The USA was still expanding. The Ottoman and austro –Hungarian empires still existed. European empires governed three quarts of the globe, with India as Britain’s most important colony. The state of Irael did not exist, nor had Iraq gained independence. The creation of the Soviet Union was thirty years in the future. The Industrial revolution had transformed the way of life for Western city dwellers. Urban populations clustered together,…

Zhwandun

 Kultur (Ministry of Information and Culture) took over the magazine in 1970, and managed it until 1982, when control was transferred to Itihadyah-e Navisandagan Jumhur-i Dimukratik-i Afghanistan (Union of the Writers of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

SCIENCE AMONG THE OTTMAN

Islamic science history has a long history of its own. Comparing the historiography of Islamic science in western Asia to the  historiography of Chinese science in eastern  Asia is illuminating because of some basic similarities, at least during large parts of the twentieth century. The principals that governed these histories in the mid-twentieth century were text based narratives of heroes, successes, and discoveries, of progress and Islamic science have also asked the question that improvement of the quality of life. Al-damanhuri was a typical scholar of his time in his…

EARLY HISTORY OF RAWALPINDI

The district Rawalpindi from its geographical position is associated with much of great interest in the history of Pakistan. The armies of such successions invader from the west or north-west swept across the Chach plain ,and down southwards right across the district. The names of Alexander,Mahmood of Ghazni ,Babar and “Tamurlane” or Timur are all closely connected with the district, and as will have been already seen from the description of places of antiquarian interest. The Takkas were the earliest inhabitants of this part of the country after the Arya…